- Ventral surface without a sucker posterior to the female reproductive apparatus;
tentacles when present of the nuchal type. Suborder Acotylea……………….2
- Ventral surface with a sucker or adhesive pad posterior to the female reproductive apparatus; tentacles, when present, situated along the margin of the body at the anterior end. Suborder Cotylea ………………64
2a. True prostatic vesicle present. …………………………………………….…………..5
2b. True prostatic vesicle lacking Superfamily Ilyplanoidea…………3
- Lacking nuchal tentacles, male copulatory directed backwards
Family Euplanidae………………4
- Nuchal tentacles present with male copulatory apparatus directed anteriorly
Family Anocellidae………………Anocellidus profundus
- Penis stylet lacking with Lang’s vesicle……………………….Euplanoida pacificola
- Penis stylet present without Lang’s vesicle…………. Paraprostatum echinolittorinae
- Prostatic vesicle free Superfamily Stylochoidea ………6
- Prostatic vesicle interpolated Superfamily Leptoplanoidea…..24
- Prostatic vesicle with ridged, fingered or tubularly chambered glandular lining ……7
- Prostatic vesicle with smooth glandular lining……………………………………… 9
- Prostatic vesicle with ridged or fingered lining………………………….……… …13
- Prostatic vesicle with tubular chambered lining Family Pseudostylochidae……….8
- Lang’s vesicle lacking; ductus vaginalis opens separately to the exterior …………….
Ommatoplana mexicana
Oval, thick of moderate size; dorsal surface covered with low tubercles; color is tan with tubercles white; lacks tentacles; marginal and frontal eyes present.
8b. Lang’s vesicle present …………………………………………Monosolenia asymmetrica
Oval to oblong; long; color unknown; eyes in tentacular and cerebral groups; deeply
lobed Lang’s vesicle; female gonopore left of midline.
- True ejaculatory duct absent, the sperm ducts enter the duct of the prostatic vesicle
Family Plehniidae………………10
9b. True ejaculatory duct present, in direct continuation with the seminal vesicle Family Callioplanidae………….11
- Prostatic vesicle with a large chamber; lacks eyes…………………Diplehnia caeca
Color: Unknown
- Prostatic vesicle with a large chamber; eyes in 2 loose cerebral groups……………..
Diplehnia caeca var. oculifera
Color: Unknown
11a. Without Lang’s vesicle; with ductus vaginalis; with spermiducal bulbs…………….
Kaburakia excelsa
Color: Uniform reddish tan to tan with elongated dark brown dashes.
11b. Lang’s vesicle present………………………………………………………………12
- Seminal vesicle present; gonopores in tandem; female gonopore encircled by
concentric ridges; uterine canals confluent anterior to the pharynx………………….
Koinstylochus ostreophagus
Color: Greenish or grayish brown; speckled with darker brown.
- Seminal vesicle absent; spermiducal bulbs present…………Koinstylochus burchami
Color: Light brown; speckled or reticulated.
- Armed cirrus lacking……………………………………………………………….16
- With armed cirrus Family Planoceroidae…………..14
- Single prostatic vesicle……………………………………………………………..15
14b. With double prostatic vesicle …………………………………..Spinicirrus inequalis
Color: unknown
- Prostatic vesicle bipartite …………………………………Paraplanocera oligoglena
Color: buff speckled with brown
- Prostatic vesicle mono-vesicular ……………………………… Planocera pellucida
A pelagic polyclad. Color: Translucent white with minute yellowish brown granules dorsally.
- Pharyngeal cavity in the posterior region of the body with the main intestine
extending anteriorly to the region of the brain Family Latocestidae……………17
- Pharyngeal cavity more or less in the center of the body. Prostatic vesicle of the
djiboutiensis type Family Stylochidae……………..19
- With Lang’s vesicle ……………………………………………………………….18
- Without Lang’s vesicle; ductus vaginalis opens well behind female gonopore
Color: Medium brown spotted with white; marginal eyes encircle body……………Latoplana levis
- Marginal eyes limited to the anterior end ………………………Latocestus mexicana Color: gray
- Marginal eyes encircle the margin ……………………………….. Latocestus viridis
Color: unknown. In alcohol a dirty green
- Marginal eyes in the anterior 1/4-1/2 the body…………………………………….20
- Marginal eyes encircle the margin …………………………………………………21
- Spermiducal bulbs and seminal vesicle form tripartite seminal vesicle.
Color: Buff with short brown streaks. ………………………………..Stylochus tripartitus
20b. Without spermiducal bulbs……………………….………….Stylochus franciscanus
Color: Creamy with minute tan specks.
- Posterior notch present…………………………………………….Stylochus exiguus
Color: Buff to brown
- Lacking a posterior notch…………………………………………………………..22
- Frontal eyes present …………………………………………. Stylochus californicus
Color: gray with darker spots.
- Without frontal eyes………………………………………………………………..23
- Adult lacking tentacles ………………………………………Stylochus atentaculatus
Color: Dark brown
23b. Tentacles present………………………………………………….Stylochus insolitus
Color: Translucent with a dark brown bar across the anterior end at the level of the tentacles. Rounded and elongate brown spots mid-dorsally and marginally.
- Prostatic vesicle with ridged or tubularly chambered (Notoplana type) epithelium…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………25
- Prostatic vesicle with smooth glandular lining. ……………………………………47
- Prostatic vesicle with tubularly chambered epithelium Family Notoplanidae……26
- Prostatic vesicle with ridged glandular lining………………………………………41
- Unarmed penis or cirrus……………………………………………………………27
- Penis stylet present…………………………………………………………………39
- With Lang’s vesicle ………………………………………………………………..28
- Without Lang’s vesicle, ductus vaginalis presen ………………Tripyloplana tripyla
Color: unknown
- Male copulatory apparatus single…………………………………………………..29
- Male copulatory apparatus double ……………………………Diplandros singularis
Color: unknown
29a. True seminal vesicle………………………………………………………………..30
- Paired spermiducal bulbs; no true seminal vesicle………… Notocomplana litoricola
Color: Mottled dark brown shading darker brown middorsally with a translucent to whitish area over the pharynx.
- Lacking spermiducal vesicles………………………………………………………31
- Sperm ducts expand to spermiducal vesicles which narrow as short tubes prior to
entering the proximal end of the seminal vesicle……….….Notocomplana mexicana
Color: Gray
- Sperm ducts unite prior to entering the seminal vesicle……………………………32
- Sperm ducts enter separately the seminal vesicle………………………………….34
- Lang’s vesicle moderately long to long……………………………………………33
- Lang’s vesicle small, rounded and much reduced…………..Notocomplana saxicola
Color: Yellowish gray
- Lang’s vesicle broad and moderately long. Penis papilla short conical. Color: Light reddish; grayish tan to mottled light brown………………….. Notocomplana natans
- Lang’s vesicle long; penis papilla broad ……………………..Notocomplana timida
Color: Translucent white with dark red spots which are closely grouped to form saddle- shaped blotched.
- Gonopores separate…………………………………………………………………35
34b. Common gonopore ……………………………………………Notocomplana celeris
Color: Red or wine.
35a. Lang’s vesicle long. ……………………………………………………………….36
35b. Lang’s vesicle short or reduced ……………………………………………………37
36a. Lang’s vesicle long and slender; prostatic vesicle small and oval…………………… Notocomplana sanguinea
Color: Gray with a red saddle-like blotch in the anterior third of the body.
- Lang’s vesicle long and moderately narrow…………………Notocomplana rupicola
Color: Pale with pinkish or reddish tinge; brown middorsal.
- Elongate penis papilla…………………………………………………….Notocomplana acticola
Color: Tan, shading to a patchy darker brown middorsally.
37b. Small conical penis…………………………………………………………………38
- Seminal vesicle large bulbous; spherical prostatic vesicle…Notocomplana sanjuania
Color: Tan to grayish tan with reddish brown to dark brown spots.
- Seminal vesicle slender; pyriform prostatic vesicle…………Notocomplana sciophila
Color: Medium tan, concentrated middorsally.
- With a penis pocket…………………………………………………………………40
- Without a penis pocket ……………………………………. Notoplana sanpedrensis
Color: Light wine color varying in intensity.
40a. Lang’s vesicle reduced………………………………………Notoplana longastyletta
Color: Tan to dark brown with darker spots
40b. Lang’s vesicle moderate to elongate ………………………….. Notoplana inquilina
Color: pale drab with microscopic dark spots
- Prostatic vesicle with proximal projection of the ejaculatory dust into its interior…44
- Prostatic vesicle without any projection of the ejaculatory duct into its interior
Family Cryptocelidae…………. 42
- Lang’s vesicle present………………………………………….Hylocelis californica
Color: Transparent olive to bluish green with intestinal branches brown.
- Lacking Lang’s vesicle……………………………………………………………..43
- Ductus genito-intestinalis present……………………………..Macginitiella delmaris
Color: Rose shading to rose beige at the margin with aggregations of dark pigment in bilateral curves
between the margin and the mid plane of the body.
- Lacking ductus genito-intestinalis…………………………..Cryptocelis occidentalis
- Male complex enclosed in massive cirrus bulb. Family Gnesioceridae…………….
Gnesioceros sargassicola
- Male complex without any muscular enclosure. Family Pleioplanidae……..…….45
- Common antrum present……………………………………………………………46
- Gonopores separate………………………………………………Pleioplana atomata
Color: Grayish brown that is mottled, flecked or streaked with dark brown
- Retort shaped seminal vesicle lies below the spherical prostatic vesicle……………..
Pleioplana inquieta
Color: Light brown or pale, dotted with reddish brown spots.
- Seminal vesicle lies anterior to the elongated prostatic vesicle
……………………………………………………………………………………..Pleioplana californica
Color: unknown
- Male copulatory complex enclosed in massive muscle bulb …………………………
Family Leptoplanidae…………..48
- Male copulatory complex not enclosed in a massive muscle bulb…………………..
Family Stylochoplanidae….…….53
- Penis stylet lacking…………………………………………………………………49
- Penis stylet present………………………………………………………………….50
.
49a Penis cirrus-like; prostatic vesicle with a ventral diverticulum; usually a sucker
between the gonopores………………………………………..Leptoplana vesiculata
Color: Unknown
- Penis papilla-like; prostatic vesicle with eosinophilous glands; the vesicle is
transversed by a narrow ejaculatory duct walled by the glandular lining ……………
………………………………………………………………..…..Parviplana hymani
Color: Unknown
- Lang’s vesicle absent……………………………………………………………….51
- Lang’s vesicle present……………………………..……… Longiprostatum rickettsi
Color: Not determined but possibly gray.
- Minute prostatic vesicle and feeble glandular lining……………………………….52
- Prostatic vesicle normal size……………………………….Leptoplanella californica
Color: Not known presumed brown.
- Dorsal surface with numerous papillae ………………..……Hoploplana californica
Color: The dorsal is orange to reddish gray with small dark spots. Papilla are orange to yellowish.
- Dorsal surface smooth………………………………………… Hoploplana luracola
Color: Light brown with darker spots of the dorsal surface with a middorsal dark brown stripe.
- Without a common genital atrium……………………………………………….…54
- With a common genital antrum ………………….……….…………Comoplana ups
Color: Light reddish brown with three broad longitudinal black stripes evenly spaced medially and
submarginally.
- Penis papillate or rod-like …………………………………………………….……55
- Penis armed ………………………………………………………………………..60
- Penis papillate …..…………………………………………………………………56
- Penis rod-like ………………………..……………………..Phaenoplana longipenis
Color: Gray
- Lang’s vesicle present………………………………………………………….…..57
- Lang’s vesicle absent ………………………………………………………………58
- Spermiducal bulbs form a tripartite seminal vesicle. ……..Stylochoplana chloranota
Color: Gray or light tan mottled with green and brown.
57b. Spermiducal vesicles present. ………………………………Stylochoplana limnoriae
Color: Gray or grayish brown.
- The tip of the penis papilla may be strengthened with a styliform developing of the
base membrane .………………………………………. Emprosthopharynx hancocki
Color: Unknown
- Tip of the penis papilla without styliform development……………………………59
- Tentacles present; tentacular and cerebral eyes distinct…Emprosthopharynx gracilis
Color: Pale brownish yellow to buff or translucent yellowish or light golden tan.
- Tentacles absent; tentacular and cerebral eyes distinct; submarginal eyes extent
posteriorly to the anterior level of the pharynx ……Emprosthopharynx opisthoporus
Color: Light yellow shading to brown at the margin or cream.
60a. With Lang’s vesicle ..……………………………………………………….……..61
- Without Lang’s vesicle ………………………………………………………………………………..63
- With a tubular pointed stylet …………………………………………….…………62
- With complicated structured stylet ………………………… Interplana sandiegensis
Color: Light tan with dark brown and olive green patches or brown patches only.
- Spermiducal vesicles present; long curved penis stylet …..Armatoplana panamensis
Color: Gray.
62b. Without spermiducal vesicles; penis stylet moderate length ……Armatoplana reishi
Color: Unknown.
- Prostatic vesicle immediately continuous with stylet ……………….Triplana viridis
Color: Light green
- Between the prostatic vesicle and stylet is an intromittent ejaculatory duct …………
…………………………………………………………………..Alloioplana stylifera
Color: Unknown
64a. Pharynx cylindrical and directed forward. Superfamily Euryleptoidea.…….65
- Pharynx ruffled and directed perpendicular Superfamily Pseudocerotoidea …86
- Prostatic vesicle single Family Euryleptidae.……………66
- Prostatic vesicle double Family Prosthiostomidae ……….82
- Female reproductive system with reticulated uteri…………………………………67
- Female reproductive system with a pair of uteri……………………………………71
- Prostatic vesicle oriented antero-dorsally; with penis stylet……………………….68
- Prostatic vesicle oriented postero-dorsally; without penis stylet…..Anciliplana graffi
Color: Unknown
68a. Without spermiducal vesicles………………………………………………………69
68b. With spermiducal vesicles………………………………………………………….70
- Large fleshy marginal tentacles; large oval prostatic vesicle…Euryleptodes cavicola
Color: Dorsal surface greenish-white with dark red lines of varying and direction, five transverse and two longitudinal lines.
- Tentacles moderate size; a large oval seminal vesicle……….Euryleptodes phyllulus
Color: Unknown.
70a. Elliptically shaped seminal vesicle; small broadly oval prostatic vesicle……………
Euryleptodes insularis
Color: Unknown but probably brown with dark spots.
- Spherical shaped seminal vesicle; moderate sized oval prostatic vesicle…………….
Euryleptodes pannulus
Color: Unknown.
- Paired uterine vesicles……………………………………………………………..72
- Multiple uterine vesicles……………………………………………………………81
- Male gonopore and mouth open in common to the exterior……………………….73
- Male gonopore and mouth open separately to the exterior…………………………74
- Lacking tentacles; penis stylet present ………………………Stylostomum sanjuania
Color: Translucent white shading to a light yellow middorsally. Region over the pharynx white.
- Tentacles rudimentary or short and blunt; no penis stylet………Stylostomum lentum
Color: Orange shading darker middorsally; laterally the orange lightens with alternating yellow streaks.
- Median frontal branch of the main intestine……………………..…………………75
- Without median frontal branch of the main intestine………………………………78
- Marginal tentacles lacking…………………………………………………………………………….76
- With marginal tentacles………………………………………………….Oligocladus voightae
- Lateral branches of the main intestine anastomose into a network…………………….
……………..……Acerotisa arctica
Color: Pale or translucent with a reddish brown longitudinal stripe
76b. Lateral branches of the main intestine do not anastomose………………………… 77
77a. Male gonopore behind the brain; seminal vesicle fusiform……Acerotisa californica
Color: Unknown possibly flecked with brown or black.
- Male gonopore in close proximity to the mouth; seminal vesicle oval……………… ………………………. Acerotisa langi
Color: Unknown.
78a. Marginal tentacles large, slender……………………………………………………79 78b. Marginal tentacles otherwise; small …………………………………..Eurylepta alba Color: White with two yellowish regions middorsally.
79a. Marginal tentacles large……………………………………………………………80
- Marginal tentacles slender and pointed…………………………Eurylepta aurantiaca
Color: Yellowish pink to salmon of orange red to rose beige darker middorsally with minute white specks uniformly scattered over the dorsal surface.
80a. Marginal tentacles large extending beyond the side of the body…………………… Eurylepta californica
Color: Grayish white with a pure white border, white middorsal ridge and irregularly distributed small white spots. Crisscrossed with black lines which may terminate in reddish tips. A few scattered red streaks.
80b. Marginal tentacles moderately large and flap like……………….Eurylepta leoparda
Color: Dorsal ground color is light beige to cream and the ventral ground color is light cream to translucent white. The dorsal surface is dotted with dark brown and dark brick spots. Tips of the tentacles are white.
81a. Marginal tentacles pointed……………………………Praestheceraeus bellostriatus
Color: Dorsally there are alternating black and white longitudinal stripes with a middorsal orange stripe and orange border. Ventral surface white with an orange margin.
81b. Marginal tentacles with rounded ends………………….Prostheceraeus panamensis
Color: Preserved specimen reddish brown concentrated in the midline becoming fainter towards the margin.
82a. Prostatic vesicles enclosed within a common muscular bulb………………………..
Enchiridium punctatum
Color: White or cream covered with brown to black spots.
82b. Prostatic vesicles free………………………………………………………………83
- Frontal branch of main intestine……………………………………………………84
- Without frontal branch of main intestine…………………………………………..85
- Marginal eyes extend down the lateral margin about 1/6 the length………………… Prosthiostomum multicelis
Color: Unknown
- Short band of marginal eyes that extend back on either side to meet with the cerebral eyes……………………………………………… Prosthiostomum latocelis
Color: Yellow.
85a. Without frontal branch of main intestine; cerebral eyes numerous in triangular grouping……………………………………………………Euprosthiostomum molle
Color: Dorsally light yellow with a tinge of light green, translucent ventrally.
- With short frontal branch of main intestine; cerebral eyes in two clusters…………..
Euprosthiostomum adhaerens
Color: Brownish
86a. Prostatic vesicle present……………………………………………………………87
86b. Lacking prostatic vesicle, glands or prostatoid organs………………Marcusia ernesti
Color: Black or gray, dotted with white spots.
87a. Dorsal surface papillate…………………………………………………………….88
87b. Dorsal surface smooth………………………………………………………………90
88a. With single male copulatory complex…………………………Acanthozoon lepidum
Color: Dorsal surface white, gray or lead color with small pinkish or dark red pigment spots.
88b. Male copulatory complex double…………………………………………………..89
- Dorsal surface black with the papillae colored orange-red to white with a light
middorsal stripe……………………………………………Thysanozoon sandiegense
89b. Dorsal surface is reddish gray with a mauve margin; papilla are yellow cream medially, reddish gray tipped with taupe more laterally and mauve on the margins………………………………………………………………………………..Thysanozoon californicum
90a. Penis papilla with a stylet………………………………………………………….91
90b. Penis papilla without a stylet……………………………………Cryptobiceros bajae
Color: Tan to black with white spots extending to the margin.
- Dorsal ground color white …………………………………………………………92
- Dorsal ground color otherwise………………….………………………………….93
92a. Dorsal ground color white with scattered black spots and a black margin except between the tentacles. A black stripe middorsally…….. Pseudoceros montereyensis
92b. Dorsal ground color white with a middorsal black stripe………..Pseudoceros luteus
93a. Dorsal ground color deep purple, or purple…………………………………………94
93b. Dorsal ground color otherwise …………………………………………………….95
94a. Dorsal surface a deep purple………………………………Pseudoceros perviolaceus
94b. Dorsal surface purple to dark brown or reddish purple with a reddish orange margin and white spots……………………………………………….Pseudoceros mexicana
- Dorsal gray shading to almost black at the margin and black middorsal stripe extending to the marginal tentacles……………………………..Pseudoceros griseus
- Dorsal surface brown to tan speckled with dark brown to black spots and white
streaks in the medial area to white spots laterally…………..Pseudoceros canadensis
THE POLYCLAD FLATWORMS OF THE PACIFIC COAST Of North & Central America 